Номер 2, страница 141, часть 2 - гдз по английскому языку 9 класс учебник Демченко, Юхнель

2. a. Work in three groups. Each group reads one of the articles about a great Greek teacher. Answer the questions to the article. Prepare to retell your article to other students.

Text A. Socrates

(470?–399 BC). Socrates was born on the outskirts of Athens in about 470 BC. He studied sculpture, his father’s profession, but soon left this work to “seek truth” in his own way.

Socrates was interested in neither money, nor fame, nor power. He walked along the streets of Athens wearing single rough woollen clothes in all seasons and barefoot. Talking to whoever would listen, he asked questions, criticised answers, and found what was wrong in arguments. He enjoyed creating confusion by asking simple questions. Socrates was sure that a person can find all the true answers within himself. He followed the principle of “Know oneself”. His style of conversation has been given the name Socratic dialogue.

Socrates was the wisest philosopher of his time. He was the first of the three great teachers of Ancient Greece – the other two being Plato and Aristotle.

He, however, was not appreciated by the Athenian mob and its self-serving leaders. His true statements made him a lot of enemies among the Athenian rulers. He was falsely accused of a crime and sentenced to death by drinking poison. His parting comments to his judges were simple: “The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways – I to die, and you to live. Which is better God only knows.”

Questions: 1. Was Socrates a wealthy citizen of Athens? 2. What did he teach? 3. What was he interested in? 4. What was special about his style of teaching? 5. Why did he like to ask questions and confuse his pupils? 6. How did he die?

Text B. Aristotle

Aristotle was born in 384 BC. His father was a friend and the physician of the king of Macedonia, and he spent most of his boyhood at the court. At 17, he went to Athens to study, where he joined the famous Academy directed by the philosopher Plato.

Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato’s pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the “mind of the school.” Aristotle stayed at the Academy for 20 years, leaving only when his beloved master died in 347 BC.

In Athens, Aristotle taught brilliantly at his school in the Lyceum. He collected the first great library and established a museum. Aristotle studied many subjects. He was most interested in science, especially biology, zoology, and astronomy. He tried to find out how humans think, and how they learn about the world around them. He also tried to describe invisible things, such as the mind and the soul.

In all his investigations, Aristotle pioneered a new way of studying. He didn’t use guesswork or accept whatever people already believed. He used observation.

Aristotle wrote many books, and he kept notes to help teach his students. After Ancient Greek civilisation collapsed, his notes were not lost. Muslim scientists carefully preserved these writings and passed them on to scholars in Europe and Asia. Aristotle’s ideas spread around the world.

Questions: 1. Who was Aristotle’s teacher? 2. Who was his most famous student? 3. What school did Aristotle set up? 4. Why is he a pioneer of science? 5. How did his writings survive?

Text C. Plato

(428?–348 BC). Plato was born in Athens in about 428 BC. Almost nothing is known about Plato’s early life. Because of his family’s high position it is likely that he was acquainted with Socrates from childhood. As a young man Plato probably saw the unethical and cruel practices of the dictators and the fate of Socrates changed his mind. Plato left Athens and travelled for several years.

In 387, he returned to Athens and founded a school of philosophy and science that became known as the Academy. The school stood in the place that, according to the legend, was once owned by a Greek hero named Academus. The Academy remained its teacher until his death in about 348 BC. It was a school devoted to philosophy, scientific research – primarily law, astronomy, biology and mathematics. The Academy survived as an institution until AD 529, when it and other non-Christian schools were closed.

Plato wrote dialogues – debates that he imagined taking place between teachers and pupils. He hoped these dialogues would help students understand his ideas. Plato investigated many topics, from friendship to the heavens. But his most important work was a study of knowledge.

Plato believed that we learn about the world in two different ways. We get useful information through our senses, like sight and touch. But we reach truth by using a higher ability, which he called reason. He said that our senses give us imperfect knowledge about specific objects. But our inner knowledge gives us truth, or perfect knowledge, because it tells us about ideas.

Plato believed that rulers must be philosophers, in other words – wise people, to create the best conditions for their people. In 367 BC, he went to the island of Sicily to teach the new ruler to be a philosopher. But he failed in this effort. Plato returned to write and study in Athens. He died at the age of 80.

Questions: 1. What family was Plato born into? 2. Why didn’t he go into politics? 3. What did he establish? 4. What name did his school get and why? 5. What was taught in the Academy? 6. What kind of works did Plato write? 7. What did he think about knowledge?

b. person icon Moving activity “Are you surprised?”

c. Which of the ancient educators would you like to have as a tutor? Why?

Текст A. Сократ

Вопросы:

1. Был ли Сократ состоятельным гражданином Афин?

2. Чему он учил?

3. Чем он интересовался?

4. Что было особенного в его стиле преподавания?

5. Почему ему нравилось задавать вопросы и сбивать с толку своих учеников?

6. Как он умер?

Текст Б. Аристотель

Вопросы:

1. Кто был учителем Аристотеля?

2. Кто был его самым известным учеником?

3. Какую школу основал Аристотель?

4. Почему он является пионером науки?

5. Как сохранились его труды?

Текст В. Платон

Вопросы:

1. В какой семье родился Платон?

2. Почему он не пошел в политику?

3. Что он основал?

4. Какое название получила его школа и почему?

5. Что преподавали в Академии?

6. Какие произведения писал Платон?

7. Что он думал о знании?

Задание с.

с. Кого из древних педагогов вы бы хотели иметь в качестве наставника? Почему?

Ответ:

Text A. Socrates

1. No, Socrates was not a wealthy citizen. The text states he was interested in "neither money, nor fame, nor power."

2. He taught people to "seek truth" and find the true answers within themselves.

3. He was interested in "truth."

4. His style of teaching, known as the Socratic dialogue, was special because he asked simple questions, criticized answers, and found what was wrong in arguments to create confusion.

5. He liked to ask questions and create confusion to help a person find all the true answers within himself.

6. He was sentenced to death by drinking poison.

Text B. Aristotle

1. Aristotle's teacher was Plato.

2. The text does not mention who his most famous student was.

3. Aristotle set up a school in the Lyceum.

4. He is a pioneer of science because he used observation instead of guesswork or simply accepting what people already believed.

5. His writings survived because Muslim scientists carefully preserved them and passed them on to scholars in Europe and Asia.

Text C. Plato

1. Plato was born into a family with a high position in Athens.

2. He didn't go into politics because the unethical and cruel practices of the dictators and the fate of Socrates changed his mind.

3. He established a school of philosophy and science.

4. His school got the name the Academy. According to the legend, it was named after a Greek hero named Academus, who once owned the place where the school stood.

5. The Academy taught philosophy, law, astronomy, biology, and scientific research, primarily mathematics.

6. Plato wrote dialogues, which were imagined debates between teachers and pupils.

7. He thought that we get imperfect knowledge through our senses, but we can reach truth and perfect knowledge through a higher ability he called reason.

Question c.

c. I would like to have Socrates as a tutor. His method of asking questions to make one think for themselves seems like a very effective way to truly understand a subject, rather than just memorizing facts.

Перевод:

Текст A. Сократ

1. Нет, Сократ не был состоятельным гражданином. В тексте говорится, что его не интересовали "ни деньги, ни слава, ни власть".

2. Он учил людей "искать истину" и находить истинные ответы внутри себя.

3. Он интересовался "истиной".

4. Его стиль преподавания, известный как Сократовский диалог, был особенным, потому что он задавал простые вопросы, критиковал ответы и находил ошибки в рассуждениях, чтобы вызвать замешательство.

5. Ему нравилось задавать вопросы и вызывать замешательство, чтобы помочь человеку найти все истинные ответы внутри себя.

6. Он был приговорен к смерти через отравление ядом.

Текст Б. Аристотель

1. Учителем Аристотеля был Платон.

2. В тексте не упоминается, кто был его самым известным учеником.

3. Аристотель основал школу в Ликее.

4. Он является пионером науки, потому что использовал наблюдение вместо догадок или простого принятия того, во что люди уже верили.

5. Его труды сохранились, потому что мусульманские ученые бережно сохранили их и передали ученым в Европе и Азии.

Текст В. Платон

1. Платон родился в семье, занимавшей высокое положение в Афинах.

2. Он не пошел в политику, потому что неэтичные и жестокие действия диктаторов и судьба Сократа заставили его изменить свое решение.

3. Он основал школу философии и науки.

4. Его школа получила название Академия. Согласно легенде, она была названа в честь греческого героя по имени Академ, который когда-то владел местом, где стояла школа.

5. В Академии преподавали философию, право, астрономию, биологию и научные исследования, в первую очередь математику.

6. Платон писал диалоги, которые представляли собой воображаемые дебаты между учителями и учениками.

7. Он считал, что мы получаем несовершенные знания через наши чувства, но можем достичь истины и совершенного знания с помощью высшей способности, которую он называл разумом.

Вопрос с.

с. Я бы хотел иметь в качестве наставника Сократа. Его метод задавать вопросы, чтобы заставить человека думать самостоятельно, кажется очень эффективным способом по-настоящему понять предмет, а не просто заучивать факты.